Biocultural resilience for systems change resilience. Protecting and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems u. An agroecosystem that contains a high degree of response diversity will be more resilient against various types and degrees of shocks. In this context we explore if resilience can be increased by the spatial configuration of the rural landscape in an integrated ecologicalgeneticeconomic way.
Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems. Further, the potential for such abrupt changes in ecosystem states is rising due to anthropogenic climate change. Maintaining crucial ecosystem processes and services requires resilience to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resiliencej. Linking traits across ecological scales determines.
Under changing conditions, ecosystem function is maintained when dominants decline or are lost because functionally equivalent minor species are able to substitute for them. Chapter 2 biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services. Ecological resilience refers to the ability of an ecosystem to maintain key functions and processes in the face of stresses or pressures, by resisting and then adapting to change. Applying resilience thinking stockholm resilience centre. The next section presents the theoretical grounding and the operationalisation of supply chain resilience, response diversity and supply base structure in relation to purchase category strategy, to ground the proposed approach in the knowledge gaps. The resilience and resistance of an ecosystem to a collapse of. Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions. Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification. Pdf biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions. Response diversity may also be a key determinant of ecosystem resilience in the face of anthropogenic pressures and environmental uncertainty. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Ecosystem approach principles resilience thinking perspective.
However, the resilience and stability of surviving biological communities remain poorly quantified. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience thomas elmqvist1, carl folke1,2, magnus nystrom1, garry peterson4, jan bengtsson2,3, brian walker5, and jon norberg1 biological diversity appears to enhance the resilience of desirable ecosystem states, which is required to secure the production of essential ecosystem services. Biological diversity appears to enhance the resilience of desirable ecosystem states, which is required to secure the production of essential ecosystem services. The diversity of responses to environmental change among species contributing to the same ecosystem function, which we call response diversity, is critical to resilience. The resilience of ecosystem functions to environmental change is likely to be determined by multiple factors acting at various levels of biological organization. Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change. Three critical functional groups are used to illustrate the interaction between these two components and their role in coral reef resilience.
Managing mangroves for resilience to climate change. Climate change exacerbates environmental hazards, ecosystem modification as well as loss of biological organisms. Anthropogenic releases of greenhouse gases, mainly co 2 has warmed the earths surface. Resilient ecosystems sustain biological diversity and human livelihoods in times of severe and wideranging change, and the concepts of resiliencebased ecosystem stewardship 5 helps people to enhance the resilience of the ecosystems within which they live, and upon which their livelihoods and wellbeing depend. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected. Climate extremes, including droughts, heat waves and floods, cause major fluctuations in the structure and functioning of ecosystems 1,2, and, in some cases, pave the way for abrupt changes i.
Redundancy and response diversity of functional groups. Under globally accelerating rates of ecosystem degradation, maintaining ecosystem function is a priority to avoid loss of valuable ecosystem services. Resilience of ecosystems to climate change science. Therefore, you can read it as either very small or very large x populations occur infrequently, with the peak frequency lying in between the extremes. Supplying resilience through assessing diversity of. We study the concept of landscape diversity from genetic, ecological and economic perspectives. An ecosystem services approach to assessing the impacts of the deepwater horizon oil spill in the gulf of mexico discusses the benefits and challenges associated with using an ecosystem services approach to damage assessment, describing potential impacts of response technologies, exploring the role of resilience, and offering suggestions for. Resilience and stability in bird guilds across tropical. Diversity is expected to increase the resilience of ecosystems. It supports the complexity of ecosystem functions and the cascades of interactions that deliver services and benefits3.
A quantitative framework for assessing ecological resilience. The resilience and resistance of an ecosystem to a. The iucn resilience science working group on coral bleaching, resilience, and climate change was established in 2006 by the global marine programme of iucn, the world conservation union, on a 3year grant from the john d. Biological diversity appears to enhance the resilience of desirable ecosystem states, which is required to secure the production of essential. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience thomas elmqvist, stockholm university nov. Two important components of species biodiversity that confer ecosystem resilience are analyzed. Soil microbial community responses to climate extremes. The report is a direct response to a request by the ninth meeting of the conference of the parties to the cbd, in decision ix51, to explore the links between. Diversity, adaptability and ecosystem resilience rozenn keribin1, dr andrew friend1, dr drew purves2 1 department of geography, university of cambridge 2 microsoft research, cambridge summary.
We try to gain insight to this paradox, by analyzing a simple model of a diverse community where each competing species inflicts a small mortality. These ecological levels are interconnected so that changes at a particular level can cascade to other levels in the same system. They thereby confer resilience on the community with respect to ecosystem function. The north jamaican fringing reefs have shown some recent resilience to acute disturbances from hurricanes and bleaching, in addition to the recurring chronic stressors of overfishing and land development. The resilience of the haplochromine cichlid fisheries appears to be determined by the genetic diversity, functional and response diversity, and ecosystem diversity beta diversity across the range of habitats in lake victoria. Promoting ecological connectivity to assist in species movement in response to climate change, and as a means of building larger, resilient species populations and habitats.
The diversity in the hydraulic traits of trees mediates ecosystem resilience to drought and will probably have an important role in future ecosystematmosphere feedback effects. Protecting and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems the u. Historical overview of climate change adaptation and ecosystembased adaptation. The wetlands and rocky habitats provide the capacity for renewal and recovery of haplochromine cichlids. Various attributes at different scales of ecological. Response diversity and resilience to extreme events in. Resilience of forest ecosystems and its influencing factors core. In todays world, rapid environmental and economic developments and changes pose major threats to ecosystems and economic systems. Brian walker describes resilience as the propensity of a system to learn, adapt, selforganize through coevolution between different subsystems and absorb change without losing functional integrity.
These include response diversity, describing the variation of responses to environmental change among species of a particular community. Two critical aspects of diversity within functional groups are examined and the role they play for coral reef resilience. Walker b, norberg j 2003 response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Nevertheless, highly diverse ecosystems have collapsed, as did lake victorias ecosystem of cichlids or caribbean coral reefs. Ecosystem resilience an overview sciencedirect topics. Diversity matters at different levels and scales, from genes to species and from habitats to landscapes.
Response diversity, defined as the variable responses of species to environmental change, has been proposed as a key determinant of ecosystem resilience. The consequences of biodiversity decline in intensified agricultural landscapes hinge on surviving biotic assemblages. Functional redundancy and effects on resilience of ecosystem functions. Response diversity is particularly important for ecosystem renewal and reorganization following change. Knowledge of factors that are important in reef resilience and integrity help us understand how reef ecosystems react following major anthropogenic and environmental disturbances. Diversity free fulltext coral ecosystem resilience. Holling 1973 defined ecosystem resilience as the amount of disturbance a system can absorb and yet remain within the same state or domain of. Ecosystem resilience as a key target of the sustainable development of forest resource. On this scale d1, and the term xabundance corresponds to the relative size of the population, while px provides the abundance of that population in terms of a probability. The evidence reveals that the likelihood of regime shifts may increase when humans reduce resilience by such actions as removing response diversity, removing whole functional groups of. The concept of resilience originates in research on child behavior,1 which indicates that some children prove to be positive, focused, flexible and proactive in a word, resilient despite exposure to extremely challenging and stressful environments. Thus, a resilient agroecosystem will continue to provide a vital service such as food production if challenged by severe drought or by a large reduction in rainfall. Humaninduced climate change is occurring as an unprecedented rate resulting in ecosystem deterioration and biodiversity loss. The diversity of responses to environmental change among species contributing to the same ecosystem function i.
Response diversity and resilience resilience has been used in several different ways, including as an evocative metaphor in discourse on sustainability and as a quantity that is potentially measurable in a specific ses carpenter et al. Response diversity and resilience in socialecological systems. Landscape diversity enhances the resilience of populations. Oliver and others published biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions find, read and cite all the. An indicator framework for assessing agroecosystem resilience. However, current understanding of response diversity is poor, and we see an urgent need to disentangle the conceptual strands that pervade studies of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem. Here we present examples of response diversity from both terrestrial. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem. Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem. The essential feature of biocultural systems that has ensured their persistence in time and space has been their resilience. Forest resilience, biodiversity, and climate change. Applying resilience thinking seven principles for building resilience in socialecological systems. However, since large populations consist of large numbers of. We test this hypothesis along a tropical dry forest successional chronosequence that provides a gradient of species richness and diversity.
216 856 641 779 446 223 870 373 463 841 4 876 1375 118 1106 1068 149 99 1369 61 904 1168 1170 317 762 178 329 1448 218 788 719 1401 284 234 489 639 369 1173 1374 1228 269 1036